Realism relates both to a permanent concern of literature and art and to a 19th Century school of artistic expression. In the larger sense, realism is “accuracy in the portrayal of life or reality, or verisimilitude;” referring more specifically to the 19th Century, realism is a literary movement that “established the novel as the genre uniquely capable of reflecting the ordinary life of the average person.” The realistic novel, the predominant mode of 19th Century literature, focused on the conflicts of characters who are familiar to readers because of their problems, their social class, their behavior. It relies on artistic conventions relating to the credibility of plot and characters, the role of narration, the function of the reader. Concentrating on depictions of middle class life for a middle class readership, the realistic novel incarnates a middle class ideology. Strongly influenced by the success of the realistic novel, the theater also turned to forms of realistic expression, utilizing the “fourth-wall convention.” Realism was also an important but less dominant factor in painting. Naturalism will be viewed as an extension of realism
Generally speaking, the 20th century turned its back on realism. Novelists, playwrights, poets, and painters revolted against the supposedly objective forms of their predecessors to discover new ways of grasping the world that reject literal depiction of reality, preferring more subjective, more idiosyncratic ways of dealing with what is real. These many reactions against realism-- each one different--have in common their strong anti-realism. New conventions were created in literature and art to break away from the solidly established forms of realism. Some of these reactions are the stream-of-consciousness novel, surrealism, abstract expressionism, Brechtian alienation, theater of the absurd, the first person singular narrative, post modern fiction.
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