From author's conclusion: "On placing Mitrany's ideas on the grid of the experience of this regional area [Black Sea, GMA] we find out that they show a considerable capacity to organize and elucidate this experience. The wish for welfare producing peace is prevalent.''
Author characterises European integration as basically functionalistic, but yet as being of undetermined and ambiguous nature, p.28:
"The 'Community method' of functional integration advocated by Jean Monnet was an ingenuous device; crucially it enabled the (federalist inclined) founding fathers of European integration to side-step the politically intractable barrier of national sovereignty. Then, as now, there was no consensus over the precise form that European co-operation should take. The founding Treaties of the European Communities did not resolve this issue; rather they represented an ambiguous compromise between intergov- ernmentalists and European federalists involved in the post-war debate on European co-operation. The former viewed the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) created by the Treaties, as functional agencies charged only with the coordination of national, economic strategies in designated sectors. However, European federalists hoped that these agencies would, over time, provide the basis for a more comprehensive kind of political integration. The institutional arrangement created by the founding Treaties reflected this ambiguity. On the one hand, the European Commission and the European Court of Justice provided for a supranational European executive and legal authority. On the other hand, however, national governments, represented in the Community's Council of Ministers, enjoyed important legislative and executive powers with regard to the adoption and implementation of EC policies. This uncertainty regarding the proper status and ultimate objectives of European integration left open the question of the future development of the European Community.''
Has Muttimer 1994.
Has the "germ'' of Mitrany's functionalism [118,p.64,n.1].
Has reference to Popovici [124].
This is the locus classicus of Mitrany's functionalism. One interesting aspect of this book is pointed out by [25,p.358, note ii]: "Mitrany ([1943]1966: 46) specifically opposed the creation of a territorially based institution in Europe arguing that `the problems which now divide the national states would almost all crop up again in any territorial realignment; their dimensions would be different, but not their evil nature'. '' This theme is then further elaborated by Mitrany in [101] where he criticizes the European Community along these lines.
The (or: one) source of the much quoted functionalist paradigm: "form follows function''.
Scholarly argued critique of the socialist movements under the perspective of their dealings with peasantry.
This is a thorough critique of EEC-type integration on the grounds that it is based to much on territorial integration and delimination - on what Mitrany here argues to be the "regional fallacy''.
A fairly extensive autobiographical statement, expanded by [105].
A collection of autobiographical and scholarly writings of David Mitrany's, some previously published.
Extends the autobiographical material published in [103]
Criticises Mitrany for his uncritical reliance on Romanian statistics in his account of the Romanian land reform.
Should deal with functionalism in view of other contribution by D. Muttimer.
from: Theories and Models of European Integration,
Andrew MacMullen ; a.l.macmullen@durham.ac.uk
See author's abstract (p.428): "This article argues that neofunctionalism has been wrongly underestimated and widely neglected in recent years. It suggests that neofunctionalism can be developed in a meaningful way to explain the emergence of PHARE as well as the decision-making structures and dynamics shaping the programme. A number of subsidiary neofunctionalist contributions have been largely ignored, and many of the recent partial theories either reconfirm neofunctionalist hypotheses or provide useful insights for their revision and development. This analysis aims to upgrade underestimated neofunctionalist assumptions, such as externalization, engrenage and task expansion, as well as to extend the current understanding of neofunctionalism by incorporating the mediating role of the Presidency and the phenomenon of epistemic communities into the theory. The findings of this study challenge those of Haggard and Moravcsik's analysis of the poliical economy of financial assistance to Eastern Europe. Apart from refuting the conclusions of their case study, this article challenges Moravcsik's approach more generally. ''
Of interest in the context of Mitrany's project of expert governance.
Author refers to Armand and Drancourt68; Taylor [149,p.xi] mentions him;
See [159]: "Borrowing Charles Pentland's metaphor, the functionalist logic sees the state in the context of international cooperation as "the insect in a carnivorous plant'' which while ättracted ever inward by the benefits, it finds that behind it the avenues of retreat are progressively blocked'' (Pentland, 1973, 82). By definition, modern society generates a myriad of technical problems that can best be resolved by experts as opposed to politicians. A successful collaboration in one particular technical field or functional area would lead to further collaboration in other related fields by means of the spillover mechanism. Governments recognize the common benefits to be gained by such cooperative endeavours and allow for their further expansion (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993, 241). This can also allow for cooperative distribution mechanisms to balance out some of the disparities within society, whilst recognizing, however, the impossibility of realizing a `perfect world' (Taylor, 1990, 179)'' .
p.23: Matrix in which he puts funtionalism etc.
p.9: From a functionalis standpoint, "the integration theorists have taken a fundamentally wrong turn - towards a narrow pre-occupation with the building of massively bureaucratised regional super-states - which has led them away from the central issues of world order.'' Discerns and discusses "four major traditions of thought about international political integration'' (p.11ff.): Federalism, Pluralism, Functionalism, and Neofunctionalism. p.16: " Functionalism emerged early inthis [20th, GMA] century as an interpretation of such new forms of international cooperation as the Univeral Postal Union and the Danube Commission...'' p.23: Author lists [132] as "seminal work'' for later roots of functionalism.
Perroux, Francois L'Europe sans rivages Paris 1951 Wird von Mitrany empfohlen, weil er den Begriff espaces economiques verwende "freed from the servitudes of location'' Funktionalismus
Author points out that Mitrany was external relations advisor for the Unilever company and that the Unilever directorate was one of the main instigators of the foundation of the Bilderberg group. The article points out that Jean Monnet was a participant of these activities and that the idea of "trans atlantic partnership'' was a pet idea of functionalists after World War II. URL in July 2002: http://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/issue32.htm
An example for a recent functionalistic approach
In spite of its megalomanic title, this scholarly treatise by the leader of Romanians in Transylvania at the beginning of the 20th century is about the break-up of Austria-Hungary, namely along ethnic lines. We have here one theme of David Mitrany's later work, namely the break-up of states, at least as far as the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary was concerned. Mitrany himself sees this somewhat differently, see [105,p.62, note 20].
This proposal was unrealistic and politically not feasable. But just because of this it could be a blue-print one may hold functionalism against. In any case, this is a grand canvass of the political scenario faced by Romania and ethnic Romanians at the time of Mitrany's youth. Its scholarly style, enormous scope of considerations and general orientation must have appealed to Mitrany who expressly referred to it as a "learned book'' (ibid.). 8
Author is now president of the Federal Republic of Germany. In the discussion of this contribution he voices the opinion that workable federalistic arrangements must also have functional elements.
Pentland [118,p.64, n.1] considers this book to be one of the early manifestations of the functionalist perspective.
Rittberger is more associated with regime theory than with functionalism. Nevertheless, he is interesting in this context because he does see (neo-functionalistic) "spill-overs'' in operation in international politics.
from Andrew MacMullen, Durham
From the notes about contributors: "Stéphane Roussel is currently pursuing his PhD at the Université de Montréal, where he is also employed as Assistant to the Director, Groupe d' étude et de recherche sur la sécurité internationale. He is the co-author of Environnement stratégique et modèles de défense : Une perspective québécoise (1996), and co-editor of Intérêt national et responsabilités internationales : Six États face au conflit en ex-Yougoslavie, 1991-1995 (1996) and Tous pour un ou chacun pour soi : Promesses et limites de la coopération régionale en matière de sécurité (1995).
Considered by [119] to be "seminal work'' for the development of functionalist ideas.
Kohler and Jachtenfuchs (1995; p.5) see this contribution as one among some others representing the continuing appeal of neo-functionalism in some academic quarters.
"There is substantial room for supranational governance without an ultimate shift in identification'' (Sandholtz and Stone Sweet, 1998: 5) According to Cram 2001 these authors are particularly interesing in a negative aspect - for their lack of interest in identity building.
quoted in Niemann 1998
"Fritz'' Schumacher is known as having coined the motto "small is beautiful''. His approach of criticising the large modern nation state is an interesting alternative to the functionalistic approach.
Pentland73: p.67 passim. p.70: Sewell discusses Mitrany on his p.68 that structures develop according to felt need and die with satisfaction of that need. P. sees herein "federalism à la carte''. P. refers in this context to Armand and Drancourt pp 196, 198, 204
Briefly mentions that Mitrany proposed Keynes for the post of a Minister of Finance in Romania, but that Keynes declined: p.243: "The autumn of 1925 found Keynes, as usual, complaining of overwork ... He refused an invitation to go to Budapest to advise the National Bank of Hungary, and a suggestion by Mitrany that he become Finance Minister of Romania''
In this contribution Spinelli discusses explicitly Mitrany's functionalistic approach and concedes that it was more successful for early European integration than was the case with the federalism for which Spinelli himself stands. Spinelli was one-time general secretary of the federalist movement and author of the federalistic "Ventotene Manifesto'', written in the 1940s on the prisoners' island Ventotene.
von Cram01a 72
In this publication there appears an interesting variant of a "functionalistic'' principle. It appears in the following quote [p.100] from Hume Wrong who at the the time of the quote - in 1943 - was assistant under-secretary of state.9 As he observed in a memorandum to Robertson in March 1943,
" [W]e have hitherto advanced the principle that representation on international bodies should be determined on a functional basis so as to permit the participation of those countries which have the greatest stake in the particular subject under examination.We have used this principle both to combat the argument that the four largest powers should have a special responsibility in all the fields of planning and organization and to avoid the other extreme which would allow each member of the United Nations to be represented on a basis of nominal equality. I think that we should stick to this functional principle. If we can secure its general acceptance, it would permit the representation of Canada on most of the bodies in which we are deeply interested.''10
Taylor stresses here that a) `functionalism' did not refer just to the peace keeping after WW II but was also under discussion during and after WW I, and b) `functionalism' was `in the air' and not just David Mitrany's idea. Mitrany should be seen in conjunction with other writers of his time:
" Professor Haas has correctly pointed out that the main architect of Functionalism is David Mitrany.11. He is not correct, however, in asserting that they, the Functionalists, were `writers preparing blue-prints for the brave new world that was to arise out of World War II'.12 They were also concerned about the brave new world that was to arise out of the First World War. Leonard Woolf published his survey of plans for a League of Nations in 191713 and edited The Intelligent Man's Way to Prevent War in 1933. Norman Angell, Robert Cecil and G.D.H. Cole were also publishing in the 1930s and earlier. David Mitrany, perhaps the most widely read, did publish for the post Second World War settlement, particularly the pamphlet, The Road to Security (1944) [see nr.[96], GMA] and the book, A Working Peace System (1943)[see nr. [94], GMA]; but he wrote The Progress of International Government, in 1933 [[92], GMA] and also contributed in the 1930s to writings such as `Territorial Revision and Article 19 of the Covenant'14 [of the League of Nations, GMA]. This is not the place for an exercise in literary criticism designed to show how these writers influenced each other, but anyone who cares to consult the original works may readily discover how strong the links are and how clearly they form a single interrelated body of ideas.''
A collection of autobiographical and scholarly writings of David Mitrany's, some previously published.
A broad and thorough selection of discussions of the topic with a strong - but not un-critical - slant on functionalism and neo-functionalism.
Contains [54], [151], [152]
A broad and thorough selection of discussions of the topic with a strong - but not un-critical - slant on functionalism and neo-functionalism.
Contains [54], [151], [152]
Interesting collection of articles on EU-committees.
Of interest in connection with Mitrany's conception of expert governance.
Available under http://www.fscpo.unict.it/EuroMed/jmwp26.htm on 14 July 2002. Author traces "realism'' to Niccol?Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes, "rationalism or internationalism'' to Hugo Grotius, and "universalism or revolutionism'' to Immanuel Kant. Functionalism is traditionally subsumed under the second branch because it appeals to "enlightened self-interest''. But since it aims at overcoming the nation state, it may also be related to the last branch.
Includes some functionalist contributions. See in particular [161].
Is considered to be a solid representation of basic neo-functionalit tenets like "spillover'' (see Giering97 for such a view)
Quoted from the manuscript available under the above given URL.
Referred to by Wendt 2002, p.44 for its use of funcionalism in "policy analysis'' which is based on the distinction of polity, politics and policy.
Pentland [118,p.64, n.1] considered works by Leonard Woolf such as this one as early examples of the "functionalist perspective''. See also entry [148] and its footnote 13.
Author concludes [p.76] that the functionalist approach commends itself for European integration, because it builds on common intererst and thereby undercuts ethnic and nationalistic animostities as well as differences in the respective value systems.
1 The second edition (1951) of this thorough enquiry was translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Italian (1954), German (1956), Portuguese (1957).
2See Niall Ferguson [36] for an elaboration of this point from a British perspective.
3See Mitrany in [105,p.48]: "Any residue from early experience with Romanian politics, which after schooling I had left behind already in 1908, could only have been repellent.''
4See [143]. The mind boggles when one thinks what would have been the economic situation in Romania if, on Mitrany's suggestion, she had had indeed Keynes, the later master-mind of modern macroeconomics, as one of her economic political mentors.
In his autobiographical memoir, Mitrany does not mention this particular episode with Keynes, together with whom he worked for the Manchester Guardian in 1923 on a special issue about "European Reconstruction''. But Mitrany does relate an earlier (failed) political proposal which was set in Germany: in 1919 he became well acquainted with Hjalmar Schacht, an unknown official at the Reichsbank at that time. Later, Schacht became Hitler's skillful Central Bank president. But he was quite a-political and finally he ended up in a concentration camp himself for some months. Mitrany proposed Schacht for political office to his then, in 1919, governing German Socialist Party friends. They declined his suggestion on party political grounds. Mitrany's conclusion: "that added to my stock of lessons on the defeating ways of the political-ideological approach'' [102,p.11]. Again one might muse about the turn of events had, due to Mitrany's scheming, Hjalmar Schacht been associated with the democratic German Socialists and not with Hitler's dictatorship.
5English translation by Ronald Steel under the title: The American Challenge, New York : Atheneum, 1979.
6Carr quotes Keynes 1919 three times with longer verbatim passages.
7For a concise briefing on this last category see [35].
8I thank Dr. Nicolae Iordan-Constantinescu for this very interesting reference, GMA.
9Hume Wrong signed the Atlantic Alliance Treaty on April 4, 1949 in Washington [see [131,p.121], GMA ].
10URL of this quote in July 2002: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/department/history/site/pdf/section4.pdf. From author's footnotes: C.f.: John F. Hilliker, ed., Documents on Canadian External Relations (DCER), Volume 9:1942-1943 (Ottawa,1980), this particular quote: Hilliker, DCER,Volume 9, p. 872. Vincent Massey, the high commissioner in London, in commenting on Wrong's memorandum, noted that he was "in entire agreement'' with the functional principle. Ibid., p. 876.
11Taylor refers at this point to [48,p.8]
12Taylor: ibid.
13Taylor: Leonard Woolf, The Framework for a Lasting Peace, Allen and Unwin, 1917.
14Taylor: International Affairs, Nov. 1935
Source: http://www.uni-trier.de/ambrosi/files/publik/ambrosi/mitrany.html
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